Galactic Concert Cultural Event Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Galactic Concert Cultural Event - Essay Example Therefore, this paper intends to provide a comprehensive report on a cultural event that I attended recently; in terms of my experience, details of the event and my general reaction upon attending the occasion. Galactic Concert Last February, 23rd 2012 was a great day for me and most of the people in Washington DC. This is because of the great, live cultural concert that had been organized to entertain people on that day. Since I am passionate about such performances, I decided to attend the event so as to a firsthand experience of the performance. All along, I had heard and read about the concert from friends and the media, but it never made a lot of sense to me. Nevertheless, when I was walking on the streets last month, I had a glimpse of poster and got interested in it. That is when I developed a keen interest and curiosity, but the event, and decided to be part of the audience. Luckily, the poster had adequate information on the event including the date, time, venue, charges and the performers. The event was scheduled to take place on the February 23rd 2012, in 9:30 Club in Washington DC. The Club was the host of an amazing night performance of the New Orleans funk and soul. When I arrived at the club, I was astonished to find a hall full of individuals and fans that had come to witness the great talents and wonderful voices of the Orleans band. Some of the attendees included high school, university and college students, single men and women, and many old people. The attendees were widespread from foreigners, black and white Americans. I was shocked to see people from African, Asian, European, and Chinese descents. Besides, there were numerous dignitaries and other artists in the club, all eager to watch the performance. In fact, one of the guest singers that attended the concert is Corey Glover, a member of the Living Color band. Before I attended the concert, I was very curious about the concert; the kind of dances and music that would be performed to th e audience. At some point, I decided not brush away the idea of attending it since I thought it was one of those boring live performances in Washington DC. I had a totally different opinion about the performance; that is it was only enjoyed by the old people, particularly Americans. I also did not expect to see the club filled with people from different races, ages and professions. What is more, I had no slightest idea that people like culture and always celebrate it. When the performance started, the hall got into a frenzied dance and song that shocked more than it excited me. This is because I never expected such a marvelous performance from the New Orleans band. It is difficult to overstate the thrill and infectious energy and vigor of the Orleans’ live performance in the club that day. The New Orleans’ band led the audience on a brass-fueled and unforeseen march through funk, soul and hip-hop. The group is simply combined with rock and New Orleans jazz music and da nce. The fans got entertained as they sang and danced along with the artists, while some surged forward to get singers’ handshake and autographs after the show. Generally, the show was a significant eye-opener to me as regards my view on the whole issue of culture. Before this particular performance, I had taken culture as a backward thing, especially concerning soul, and jazz music. I also thought that kind

Pros and Cons of Large Universities Essay Example for Free

Pros and Cons of Large Universities Essay University, as stated in The Oxford Dictionary, is an educational institution designed for instruction, examination, or both, of students in many branches of advanced learning. Like any other institution, it may be categorized as either good or bad depending on its level of excellence, how well it prepares its students for the working environment, etc. These defining factors and other essential components, determine whether a certain university is a worthy place to go to school. Thus, based on these defining features, it can be said that Florida State is an exceptional institution to attend college. As previously mentioned, Florida State University is a wonderful place to attend college, as it is considered one of the best research universities in Florida. For instance, unlike some universities, it provides students with the facilities to experiment in the laboratory and gain firsthand experiences in analyzing and understanding their field of interest. That is, it grants students the opportunity to apply what they learn in class to real life situations, thus enabling a greater understanding of their field of interest. It also enables them to think independently and critically rather than solely memorizing the information taught to them. In addition to the above, FSU consists of many libraries such as Dirac, and Strozier, which conveniently house an extensive collection of books and research papers. These libraries are the homes of many tutors and professors who are there specifically to help students in reinforcing the subject matter learned. These tutoring sessions are free of charge, and allows for personalized attention outside of the classroom. Furthermore, Florida State also provides its pupils with an opportunity to study abroad for one semester. This program is advantageous as it gives students the ability to interact with new cultures and assess their way of life. It helps them to become well rounded individuals capable of looking beyond the surface, and also allows for personal, intellectual and spiritual development. Last but not least, FSU is a great school because it provides a communal environment whereby people of different cultures can interact and share their ideals, values, and beliefs. It allows them to actively participate in activities that encourage a relationship between people of different ethnicities, and engages students to utilize the knowledge they obtain to make informed judgments. Nevertheless, like any other institution, Florida State University has its disadvantages. One such disadvantage would be the sizes of the classroom. For instance, many classes range from a student body of 200-300. This can prove disadvantageous because there is less student-teacher interaction and fewer opportunities for students to grasp the information being taught. Also, the out-of-state tuition for students, who are not residents of Florida, may prove to be very costly. Lastly, some professors have little regard for their students’ progression and are focused solely on their area of research. In conclusion, despite these disadvantages, Florida State is a great place to attend college because it is one of the best research universities in Florida. Additionally, it strives to educate its pupils to become well rounded individuals-capable of asserting themselves beyond their field of interest, as well as provides them with many opportunities to grow both spiritually and mentally.

George F. Handel Essay -- essays research papers

The Artistry of G.F.Handel (1685-1759) First Part Halle - Hamburg - Rome 1690-1712 It's hard today to speak about Handel's life and works without mentioning the similarities between him and Bach; first of all they were born in the same year:1685, even if it's not a case than the most geniuses of the late baroque era (Couperin, Telemann Scarlatti ) would have almost been all co-aged.Neverhless unlike Bach, Handel immortalised the name of a family of cheesemakers or of the Prince of Saxony's barber/surgeon -his father. And really it was under the influence and the strong expectations of the latter that like many other aspirants gentlemen, the young Haendel enrolled the university of Halle as a law student. But after his father death he decided not to pursue the legal career and began instead to perfection those skills as a musician which some three years of lessons taken in his hometown from the reknown organ player Wilhelm Zachau had awakened in him When in 1703 Haendel eventually left Halle and went to Hamburg as a violino in ripeno (an ordinary violin player in an orchestra) his bad talent as a lawyer and good skills as an artist, both characterizing every sudden and proverbial decision taken by him in the future were both proved. At those times Hamburg, the mercantile capital city of Northern Germany, was well known also for its Gansenmarkt Thater (literally: 'Theatre at the goose market'), which workers were yet trying to create the millenary dream in advance of Goethe by combining Italian creativity with German methodology. And what better even if "oleographic" example can be brought to this aim if not the librettos of the operas represented at the Gansenmarkt Theater between 1700 and 1720 ehich appear to be written in German with the execption of the Italian "belcanto" arias. A Ture master in this mixed and eclectic genre, neglecting the lutheran poetry (preferred by Bach) in favour of the Italian an Viennese writers (Zeno, Pariati, Pasquini etc.) was Reinhard Keiser who, naturally, claimed to be the master to all the new-comers, including Haendel who far from accepting this rule, successfully sought the friendship and maecenatism by Gian Gastone de Medici (1671- 1737) , son of the Gran d Duke of Tuscany: Cosimo III. And in what it seems it was in this environment that The young Haendel met Johann Mattheson, the most reknow... ...ovanni" (represented only in Prague in 1787) could only be hosted by the Dublin Catholic Theatre and never saw the glories of the Covent Garden where at those times the Neapolitan composer Niccolò Porpora, together with his pupil Roberto Farinelli had come to triumph and to outhshine Haendel himself. If the Same Farinelli is said to have taken the party of Haendel during one of the not infrequent "Querelles" made by the supporters of Theatre of nobility against modern impresarios, Haendel accused to have conspired against the king together with the so called Jacobites didn't take much success anymore and in 1745 the representation of the beautiful opera Hercules had to be cancelled from tghe program of the Kings Theatre. So outshined by history the Master died in 1759 of the same blindness which had affected Bach after having arranged the last representation of the Messiah and having composed other oratorios such as: Judas Maccabeus (1742), Alexander Balus (1748), Susanna (1749), Theodora (1750), Jephta (1752) . It's not a case then if the latter appear to be a quotation of the most famous Italian Oratorio ever Written Jephte (1749) by Giacomo Carissimi

Quality Assurance Review Essay

According to Merriam Webster (2014), â€Å"Provision is: the act or process of supplying or providing something.† Every company provides a provision or has a mission statement that their company stand by, which shows what services that company, will commit to delivering to their clients. We as professionals and them as businesses have an obligation to deliver direct services effectively to help clients adapt socially and effectively in society. It is the companies’ responsibility to provide clients with the services that sustain a good work or living environment. Companies are dedicated to providing direct support services that will enhance a client’s quality of life, and that is designed to meet the needs of their client. Moreover, it is important that staff build their time to participate in activities with the clients that they are servicing. It is also the responsibility of the company, to make sure their staff is educated and trained in their area of concentration to assist their client. It is important to develop relationships with clients that will allow them to engage in everyday life activities. It is provided that any person that is working with clients to engage in activities with their client. Clients have IEP (Individual Education Plan) programs that should be followed to assure the client is receiving the proper education that is based on their need. It is up to the worker to provide clients with a structured setting which will allow them to see if the client is learning according to their plan or their day. In every event, every aspect is about providing proper service to the client. Furthermore, it’s about creating independence in that client by setting academic and functional goals that are attainable and reachable from a realistic aspect for that client. A professional’s purpose is not to please coworkers but, their purpose is to be an advocate for their client. In the case scenario of the staff member providing services appropriately to  clients, certain information is required in the process of gathering and covering the basic components of quality assurance, which are proper provision of service, client satisfaction with the service and proper documentation. With reasoning, questions have been formulated to help monitor and prevent future fraud and misappropriation of services as it pertains within these guidelines. From the information gathered from the staff at the school, the client, and all that is involved with working with this particular client, the question is, since the goal for the staff member was to develop and maintain a client-centered service and to provide quality service and ensure the client’s satisfaction, should that particular client have had services from our agency because of a communicable disease in which he/she was recently treated for according to the teacher at the school? According to the teacher employed at the school, where the staff member was working with the client stated that this particular staff member was frequently late, was this tardiness professionally and legally documented? As reported by the teacher at the school where the staff member was working with the client, the teacher reports (if legally documented) that the staff member did not engage in their professional interventions towards a certain client about their behavior on a particular day. Were there any witnesses to this behavior and did the staff not intervene in stopping a certain behavior from this client? The reasoning behind these questions is as follows: Although the teacher at the school at which my agencies staff member was working with a particular client, it was not reported or stated about any legal documentation on this worker’s tardiness at this school. Also was there a specific reason for which my staff member did not tailor in her interventions towards a particular client due to their behavior that was reported to me, the director of the agency. It is believed that gathering the correct and adequate information from all parties involved when working with clients especially in the health care profession, helps those involved have a better understanding what kind of frame of mind the particular staff member, the client involved and even the teacher working with both parties, it is important to obtain such information so that there is no misinterpretation in communication, documenting all actions involved, or just documenting the day’s activities so that the agency and the school can  see if the client shows any improvement with working with a particular staff member. This also helps prevent any legal action involving all parties regarding he said/she said, or future fraud towards a certain agency. As it pertains to the accusation that the staff member is not open to feedback, how was the staff member approached about this feedback? Was this communicated in a professional manner? How exactly did the staff member respond to feedback given? Lastly, did the staff member give reasoning for not accepting feedback about services rendered? This line of questioning is important because it approaches the first accusation from all angles. These questions are trying to determine whether or not the staff member is blatantly refusing to accept feedback or if they are accepting feedback and just not implementing it. It is also important to not how the feedback was approached. If the feedback was delivered in a negative or accusatory way it may not have been implemented because the staff member may have a strict treatment plan and be avoiding confrontation with the teacher by just not accepting feedback. This is why it is important to understand the staff member’s reasoning behind not accepting feedback. It determines whether or not this staff member is providing the client with the proper services and that the staff understands what these services are so that there are no misunderstandings. As it pertains to the accusation that the staff member does not tailor their interventions to the client according to his behavior on a specific day, please name one example where the staff member did not tailor their interventions to fit the client’s needs? How was the staff member approached about this incident? Did the staff member give reasoning for continued their planned treatment? Was this incident documented and if so how was it documented? Were the client’s needs met? Was the client unsatisfied with their services provided? This line of questioning is important because it makes sure that the client is receiving the proper services that they need. The staff member’s treatment plan should always be centered on what is best for the client; not what is easier for the staff member. It is also important that a staff member with a strict treatment plan not stray from their original treatment plan if it affects the overall effectiveness of the treatment. This is why it is important to understand the staff member’s reasoning behind not altering their original treatment plan so as to make sure that this decision is not affecting the way that the  client is treated and or receives their services. Another important part of this line of questioning is that if the client’s needs were not met, how was this documented? Having proof that the client’s needs were not met is important in accessing the staff member’s overall effectiveness in their treatment plan. Lastly, it is important to note whether or not the client was satisfied with the services they received so that the staff member can be clearer in the future about the services they provide as to not having any misunderstandings. As it pertains to the accusation that the staff member is frequently late, has this tardiness been properly documented? If not, are there eyewitnesses that can attest to this accusation? Was the staff member approached about this accused tardiness? If so, by who and what where the repercussions of this action? Also, was this action documented and if so how was it documented? This line of questioning is important because it grants validity or not to the accusation that the staff member is constantly tardy. For there to be action taken against this staff member there need to be legal documented proof that this staff member is constantly tardy. If not there is not much that can be done legally about this accusation unless there is some documentation stating that this individual has been reprimanded about this behavior. As it pertains to the accusation that the staff member has created conflict between them and the teacher, how was this situation handled between the two staff members? How did the school handle this situation? Where all have actions are taken to prevent any further conflict member between the two before filing this complaint? Where these actions documented and if so how where they documented? This line of questioning is important because it relates to the validity of the complaint in general. This relates to whether or not this staff member is even in need of review or whether the school just doesn’t want to deal with feuding individuals. It is important that this type of situation be documented every step of the way or it just becomes he said she said battle. It is important to understand how the school handled this situation so that if there are any misunderstandings about the service rendered at the school by the staff member that these issues be resolved so that the main focus is on the clients. In special cases such as with disclosure of pertinent information in regard to communicable diseases, this breach of security poses a huge impact as it pertains to patient confidentiality and services provided.  Although the sharing of information with other healthcare professionals is important in providing effective patient care, if a breach of confidentiality as occurred and shared amongst other unaware of the contents of the patients history, this disclosure witho ut consent can pose a risk based on standard infection control procedures, as well as exposure-prone risks undertaken in primary care. In such circumstances, in order to repair the relationship once a breach of confidentiality has been made, the director must adequately acknowledge and apologize for the mishap. Ensure that the client understands that this is not how business is normally conducted and that HIPPA laws and regulations are taken seriously within the organization. To ensure that this does not happen again, there should be a mandatory training centered on client confidentiality and rules and regulations of HIPPA, and certificate of completions could be provided to the client to ensure that they are aware of your dedication to mend the relationship. References Bord, J.D, DDS MSD MA, Burke, W., MD Ph.D., & Dudzinski, D.M.., Ph.D. MTS (2013).Confidentiality. Ethics in Medicine. University of Washington School of Medicine. Retrieved from: https://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/confiden.html Confidentiality case study: Serious Communicable Diseases. General Medical Council: Working With doctors working for patients. Retrieved from:http://www.gmcuk.org/guidance/ethical_guidance/confidentiality_serious_communicable_diseases.asp Merriam Webster., Provision. (2014). Retrieved September 1, 2014.

Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck †Main Character Essay

In the book Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, the main character is faced with an extremely difficult situation and decision. George Milton ends up killing Lennie Smalls, the man who he had been traveling with for years. He is forced to kill Lennie for his own good. It is arguable that George had selfish reasons for the murder but Lennie was his family, his companion. He would never do such a thing for personal gain. Lennie was a nice guy, and he never meant any harm. However, he always ended up getting into trouble or doing â€Å"bad things†. All of this often angered George, who fantasizes about what he could have been doing if Lennie weren’t weighing him down. For example, when the men were working in Weed, Lennie had them hiding in an irrigation ditch overnight because he frightened a woman. He gripped on to her dress, giving her the impression that he was trying to hurt her. Lennie of course didn’t mean any harm, he just enjoyed petting soft things. All of the inconveniences to George would give the impression that Mr. Milton would actually want Lennie dead. This was not the case. George cared for Lennie like he was family. The promise he made with Lennie’s Aunt Clara is just what brought them together. This can be seen when George and Lennie talk about their dream, Lennie says â€Å"because I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you, and that’s why†(14). At the end of the novel, George is left with only two choices: let Lennie be tortured and killed by the other men, or kill him on his own†¦ a quick and painless death. Of course he does not want Lennie to suffer, so he does it on his own. And it clearly was not easy. The quote from the book â€Å"George raised the gun and his hand shook, and he dropped his hand to the ground again†(105) further supports this. George’s shaking hand proves how difficult it was to let go of a long time friend. Slim is one of the few people who understand their relationship. He was the only one who George confided in telling about what happened in Weed. At the very end, after the shooting, Slim says to George â€Å"You hadda, George. I swear you hadda†(107). Slim knows what a hard decision it was for George to go through with such a terrible task, but it had to be done. They both knew that poor Lennie would have otherwise suffered through the torture and slow death brought about by Curley. The character George Milton from the book Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck was not selfish. Any reason he had for the killing of Lennie was definitely not devoted to himself, but instead out of care and love for his friend. Both mean often spoke of how lonely it was to live the life of a rancher. So Lennie’s being as George’s companion and basically family overruled any want that George would ever have to hurt him. The death brought about to Lennie for his own good.

How To Write A Synthesis Essay Outline, with Example

How To Write A Synthesis Essay Outline, with Example Writing  a Synthesis Essay Outline Introduction writing Thesis writing Main body writing Conclusion writing Outline example On many occasions, students begin tackling their essay assignments before establishing the various attributes that differentiate essays. It is essential, first of all, to understand the various types of papers that exist and their main features before one begins handling their assignment. A synthesis essay can be described as any written work that seeks to make connections between different parts of a paper with the ultimate goal of presenting a unique theme, topic, or viewpoint. Synthesis essays always use a wide range of sources and this helps to support the author’s claim or stance on a particular topic or theme. The expectation here is that the sources will guide the writers in identifying the connection that exists between different sources from whence a solid theme, viewpoint or perspective will be formed. The implication here is that synthesis essays require a lot of research and students should be prepared for such work. Some students are often in the habit of assuming that this type of essays are out-rightly argumentative essays. However, as it will be discussed below, argumentative essays are only a type of synthesis essays. Therefore, it is essential to understand the differing aspects of all essays for one to be able to write a relevant article. Types of Synthesis Essay There are three types of synthesis essays. Details of each are shown below: 1. Argument Argument synthesis essays are a type of assignment  where the author seeks to present their stance or viewpoint, and supports it using facts from relevant sources. The facts provided to help enhance the author’s stance are often arranged in a logical manner. In most occasions, writers develop different thesis statements despite writing about the same topic. The above is allowed because the argument presented is individual and thus opens to interpretation. There can hence be two different theses from the same topic, and each is declared as an excellent work. 2. Review A review is simply described as a discussion of research that was done in the past. However, unlike regular literature reviews, it also entails a critical analysis of the source used. Its main goal is to affirm the need for more research on a particular topic. It thus seeks to determine the loopholes or the shortcomings of previous research discussions. 3. Explanatory Explanatory essays are also known as background synthesis essays. Unlike the argumentative that requires the author to have a stance, here, the author is only required to present facts about an object, state of affairs, or even a place to further the readers’ understanding. The goal or thesis is not as pronounced as when one is dealing with an argument essay because the author’s focus shifts to objectively organizing and presenting facts. In an argument paper, writers can go beyond the sources reading, when they are trying to make their stance clear. However, in an explanatory synthesis essay, authors are not expected to go beyond the facts that are in the sources provided. Structure of a  Synthesis Essay The first important, but overly forgotten bit is the topic selection. Before a writer thinks of an essay structure, it is essential to ensure that tips concerning topic selection are clear. There is one tip that is almost in every online guide, and it entails the selection of a topic that one is familiar with. The above is vital, or necessary, and will help writers to save time especially during the research. Once the topic is established and decided, the next bit involves the structure of the essay. Like all other essays, the synthesis essay has three main parts: the introduction, the main body, and finally the conclusion. Each section needs to follow certain steps and writers need to be familiar with these steps. Below are some tips on how each part needs to be written: Tips concerning introduction writing An introduction presents the readers with a brief discussion of the topic under review. Here, authors need to be creative and ensure that they capture their audiences’ interest, lest they lose them before they even make time to read the rest of the essay. The issue or topic or theme to be discussed should hence be clearly outlined and the author’s stance should be established in the introduction. Tips on thesis writing A thesis is the author’s main idea or perspective and must always be developed before commencing any work on the perfect essay. It is indeed illogical to develop one’s thesis without first reading the sources. Writers must first read the sources provided and then formulate their opinions on the subject or topic. On most occasions, a thesis statement is included in the introduction as the last sentence. Tips on body paragraphs (length, paragraphs, transition words) Synthesis essays often take after the five-paragraph structure and unless stated otherwise, most have five to seven paragraphs as well as six sentences in each paragraph. Transition words help to indicate that the author is on a different point. In some occasions, readers are left to find the points or themselves, and some end up getting mixed up and never even identifying a single point. Transitional words, for example, firstly, subsequently, additionally, etc. help to notify the readers that the author has moved on to the next point. Each paragraph must have a topic sentence, and these help building on the author’s thesis statement. An explanation of the topic sentence is also of the essence. Evidence from the sources used must also be provided, and the significance of whichever source must also be included. Tips on conclusion writing A conclusion can be said to be the easiest of these sections because the author is only expected to state the importance of their stance or viewpoint and provide a summary of the points discussed. While in most occasions authors finish their work flatly, in a synthesis essay one is supposed to be creative and include an ending that will elicit some thoughts from the audience. Example of Outline on Synthesis Essay about Global Warming Introduction Definition of global warming. Briefly mentioning some of the causes of global warming, for example, deforestation, burning of fossil fuels, increase in pollution levels, and industrialization. Mention some of the effects of global warming, for example, an increase in temperature, increase in sea levels which subsequently leads to flooding, etc. Thesis statement –assert that the world’s temperature level is rising and that the world needs to work together to help reduce the rate at which the temperature levels are rising. Main Body Paragraph 1–Mention IPCC’s assertion that the world’s sea levels will rise by 7 – 23 inches by the end of the current century. Include why this is important and will help build on the thesis statement. Paragraph 2 –The rise in temperature by 1.4 Fahrenheit degrees since 1880. Provide evidence of the above and mention the significance of this point. Paragraph 3 –The rapid melting of ice in the Arctic and the expectation that the region will soon have an ice free summer. Paragraph 4 –The rapid melting of glaciers with the consequence being increased in the sea levels. How is this point relevant to the thesis statement? Author needs to provide sufficient evidence of this fact. Paragraph 5 –Include the fact that the last two decades of the 20th century have been the hottest in the last 400 years. Evidence must be provided and this point’s relevance included. Conclusion A reassertion that the world’s temperature is steadily rising and how the world needs to be up in arms and strive to forge a way forward. A summary of the points provided in the main body. A question or an open discussion of how the world keeps drawing lines and keeping each other at arm’s length instead of fighting together to help stop the prospect of having to deal with the after-effects of global warming.

Trailblazing by Eric Anderson

Trailblazing by Eric Anderson Free Online Research Papers After reading Trailblazing by Eric Anderson I was blown away by the story told in the book. It is a story of self-realization, persecution, and perseverance. At first it was hard to believe that this was the same person I see in lecture twice a week. It shows the fears and terrors that closeted homosexuals go through to keep their secret, then the oppression they face after coming out. It has truly opened my eyes to the hardships gay people face when wanting to do no more than be themselves but cant for fear of being abandoned by loved ones and ridiculed by others. Not only must the author deal with discrimination, but his team of high school track runners face being taunted, threatened, and even physically assaulted by their peers. They have to put up with just as much harassment as Anderson himself. Even though none of the athletes claim to be gay they are endlessly hazed for being a fag team. Through all the conflicts the team remains loyal and stands by their coach. They not only compete as a team but also deal with oppression as a team. Trailblazing is a very moving piece about heroism and is inspiring for people of all sexual preferences. In the beginning of the story Anderson describes going through most of his childhood knowing he is gay, though at the time did not know exactly what that meant. Many points brought up in class are evident in the story. How he was forced to act like all the other boys because of how society felt about gays. Forcing himself to act straight and pretending to be attracted to women he becomes sucked into this highly hegemonic society. Guys have to be big, bad, and tough, and if they arent they are labeled faggots or fairy boys. You can feel the awkwardness of Anderson as he talks about how he acted compared to what he actually felt. In the beginning of his career as a track coach Anderson continues to keep his secret from everyone. Constantly making excuses for not dating girls, that where socially acceptable. Filling his time with work and studies at first as a smokescreen for his sexuality. He then aspires to become more educated and to become a health teacher. A gay person in sports is still a big issue in this country, especially when the person is a coach of younger kids. People still view homosexuals as stereotypical promiscuous pedophilia. People think that just because a coach is gay that he is going to start hitting on all his players. There is also the ridiculous belief that since a teacher or coach is gay, they will somehow make their pupils gay or infect them if you will. To the readers surprise when Anderson comes out to his friends he is faced with little to no judgment. But once word of his sexuality spreads beyond his control not everyone is as accepting as his friends, and family. Then the issue of gays being discriminated in the workplace comes up repeatedly as he and his runners are harassed on many different occasions. Every time there is an incident Anderson would file a report to the school and every time it would be ignored. This is a prime example of discrimination of gays in the workplace. The team members wo uld be taunted several times a day, called faggots. Their cars, including Andersons, would get keyed often, and the principal would do nothing about it. After learning that their coach is a homosexual several members of the team became activists for gay rights. One of them went as far as starting a Gay-Straight Alliance at Huntington Beach High School were they attended, even though the kid was not gay. This by no mean improved their situation at school. For some reason it is thought that is you believe in treating homosexuals as equals you must be homosexual yourself. This ignorant logic has been around for a long time. It is not as bad as it was at one time but is still a major problem in the fight for equal rights for gays. After long standing tension with the schools football team it became clear to Anderson that it wouldnt be long before physical violence would arise. This nightmare became a reality the day before graduation, the year before Anderson planned to leave Huntington Beach High School for a college level job. As a result of a short confrontation in the locker room in school there was heavy friction between one of Andersons senior runners, named Jerryme and a sophomore football player, named Josh. Of coarse this was started because of the homophobia of the football team and coach. Apparently the football coach didnt want anyone else to use the locker room so it wouldnt get messed up. And when the track team went to get changed the football team went on full defensive and would not let the fag team in. This was also ignored by the schools administrators. Months later as Jerryme and fellow runner, Jess where chased by the football players into a residential neighborhood. Upon exiting the car Josh told the other players to restrain Jess as he ran for Jerryme. Jerryme ended up with a swollen face and a fractured jaw. This is clear evidence of homophobia to such an extreme that this kid felt he must pound Jerryme, who was gay as far as Josh was concerned, until he was dead. For what? To show how big of a man he is. So Josh got to prove how straight he is for a while, while Jerryme gets to have five screws attached to his lower jaw for the rest of his life. Reading this book gave me a new perspective on life. Its inspired me to be a more tolerant person. It addresses many problems in the society caused by hegemony. It brings to light the dangerous effects of homophobia in school sports. Tackling a difficult subject, Anderson really makes a point that homophobia in sports is a serious issue and should not be taken lightly. 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Verificar demoras en puentes México y Estados Unidos

Verificar demoras en puentes Mà ©xico y Estados Unidos Los fines de semana y en los dà ­as de fiestas el cruce de Mà ©xico a Estados Unidos se puede poner terrible, con horas de espera en los puentes internacionales para pasar por el control migratorio. Para evitar estas demoras es importante saber cunto es el retraso en cada punto de la frontera y, en las ciudades con varios puentes -como en el caso de Laredo- cul tomar.   Adems de explicar en este artà ­culo cules son los pasos a seguir para verificar los retrasos en los puentes internacionales en este artà ­culo se informa sobre temas importantes para la frontera, como por ejemplo, quà © documentos se pueden utilizar para cruzarla legalmente, quà © consideraciones deben tenerse en cuenta a la hora de ingresar a Estados Unidos diversos artà ­culos. Y finalmente, dà ³nde es posible encontrar retenes migratorios ms all de la frontera, es decir, en el interior de Estados Unidos. Pgina para saber cà ³mo est la frontera y reporte actualizado de tiempo de espera La pgina de Best Time to Cross de Border brinda informacià ³n que incluye: El tiempo actual de demora (Current Wait)La à ºltima vez que la informacià ³n fue actualizada (Last updated)El nà ºmero de personas cruzando por ese punto (User reported)Y el nà ºmero de là ­neas abiertas (Lanes open) Adems, se puede personalizar la bà ºsqueda eligiendo entre: Tipo de auto: pasajeros (passenger) o comercial)  Tipo de cruce: regular (standard), Nexus/Sentri Cà ³mo se utiliza esta aplicacià ³n para saber tiempos de demora en cruce de frontera Donde pone Mexican Border, hacer click. A continuacià ³n se abre un menà º con las opciones de: Arizona/SonoraCalifornia/Baja CaliforniaNew Mà ©xico/ChihuahuaTexas/Chihuahua  Texas/CoahuilaTexas/Nuevo Leà ³nTexas/Tamaulipas Elegir la que aplica y se abre otro menà º, con todas las opciones de cruce entre el estado mexicano y el de EU que se elige. Descargar la aplicacià ³n de Best Time to Cross de Border Si se desea poder acceder fcilmente a esa informacià ³n desde un telà ©fono celular o tableta, se puede descargar la aplicacià ³n: Para iPhones y Ipad en la iTunes store.Para celulares o tablets con sistema operativo Android, como por ejemplo, los Samsung en la Google Play. Peajes en los puentes internacionales Se puede pagar en efectivo o sistemas electrà ³nicos. Uno de los sistemas ms comunes es el AVI (cà ³digo de barras) que se utiliza tanto para ingresar a EU como para ingresar a Mà ©xico. Tiempos de espera para peatones Si se cruza a pie, se pueden verificar los tiempos de espera en la pgina de la Patrulla Fronteriza (CBP). Hay que elegir la opcià ³n de pedestrians y tambià ©n la de la aduana, dentro de donde dice Mexican Border Ports of Entry. Horarios de las oficinas migratorias en los puentes internacionales Algunos puentes de cruce estn abiertos las 24 horas del dà ­a, pero las oficinas tienen horarios ms limitados. Si es necesario hacer trmites migratorios especà ­ficos con un agente de inmigracià ³n, consultar antes dichos horarios. Puentes en El Paso (El Norte/Santa Fe, Stanton Street Bridge, Ysleta/Zaragoza).Puentes en Laredo (Puente I Gateway to the Americas, Puente II -Jurez-Lincoln International, Puente III - Colombia Solidarity, Puente IV World Trade Bridge, sà ³lo para trfico comercial este à ºltimo). Tipos de lineas para cruzar Al llegar al puesto de control migratorio terrestre es posible encontrar varias là ­neas en las que esperar para cruzar. El nà ºmero y tipo de las mismas depende del punto de cruce. Las clases de là ­nea son: Vehà ­culos comercialesAutos de pasajerosCruce de peatones Cada uno de ellos puede dividirse en varias subcategorà ­as, como por ejemplo Maximum Lane, Standard Lane, Ready Lane o FAST/Sentri lane. Pueden utilizar la Ready Lane los vehà ­culos cuyos pasajeros mayores de 16 aà ±os cuenten todos con documento que puede ser leà ­do por una mquina conocido como RFID por sus siglas en inglà ©s. Son documentos RFID los siguientes documentos: tarjetas de pasaporte de EE.UU., licencias de manejar mejoradas, tarjetas tribales mejoradas, tarjetas de cruce de frontera mejoradas, tarjetas de residencia mejoradas o una tarjeta del Programa de Viajero de Confianza, es decir, SENTRI, NEXUS, FAST o Global Entry. Documentos para cruzar la frontera incluidos casos de infantes Para ingresar a los Estados Unidos es necesario contar con un documento que lo permita. Para los ciudadanos estadounidenses las opciones son varias, siendo las ms comunes el pasaporte o tarjeta de pasaporte de los Estados Unidos o la tarjeta SENTRI. Tambià ©n se admiten las licencias de manejar mejoradas (enhanced en inglà ©s) de determinados estados para regresar a EE.UU. desde Mà ©xico por tierra o mar. En la actualidad, solo los estados de Michigan, Minnesota, Nueva York, Vermont y Washington ofrecen este tipo de documentacià ³n. Los residentes permanentes utilizan la green card y el resto de los extranjeros deben utilizar un pasaporte de otro paà ­s con documentacià ³n que autorice el ingreso, como por ejemplo una visa regular. Si son ciudadanos de uno de los 38 paà ­ses miembros del Programa de Exencià ³n de Visados no necesitan visa pero sà ­ llenar el formulario I-94. En el caso de mexicanos que viven cerca de la frontera se utiliza frecuentemente una visa lser, tambià ©n conocida como de Cruce, debe saberse el  mximo en millas dentro de Estados Unidos  que se puede ingresar. Tambià ©n hay que tener en cuenta que si se ingresa todos los dà ­as a estudiar, debe utilizarse una visa de estudiante. Hay varias posibles, por ejemplo, la F-3 que es poco conocida pero merece la pena familiarizarse con ella. Y tambià ©n es vlido utilizar la tarjeta SENTRI para acelerar el paso. Finalmente, los ciudadanos estadounidenses que cruzan esta frontera deben saber quà © documentos que pueden utilizar para regresar a su paà ­s y cules son las reglas que aplican a los infantes  que viajan sin estar acompaà ±ados de sus dos padres. Tener presente que Mà ©xico establece reglas ms restrictivas para sacar de su paà ­s a los nià ±os. Si los menores no viajan acompaà ±ados de sus dos paps, se debe llenar el formato SAM  (autorizacià ³n de salida de Mà ©xico).  Y deben hacer tres tantos. Para mayor informacià ³n sobre este requisito, comunicarse gratuitamente al nà ºmero 01800 00 46264. Recuperacià ³n de impuestos y artà ­culos permitidos Es cierto que Texas permite los turistas internacionales recuperar los impuestos a las ventas por los artà ­culos comprados en ese estado. De hecho, sà ³lo Texas y Luisiana lo permiten. Sin embargo hay una gran limitacià ³n para determinar quià ©nes se pueden beneficiar de esa regla. Y es que sà ³lo pueden solicitar que les regresen sus impuestos a las ventas los turistas internacionales que llegaron por avià ³n a Texas y tienen boletos para regresarse a sus paà ­ses de la misma manera. Es decir, los turistas que llegan por carretera no pueden recuperar sus impuestos. Asimismo, debe siempre respetarse y conocer  que est prohibido traer a EU. Por regla general, las mascotas se pueden ingresar sin problemas.  Pero hay restricciones.   Finalmente, tener en cuenta que los controles migratorios internos pueden establecerse en cualquier punto dentro de 100 millas de distancia de la frontera entre Estados Unidos y Mà ©xico. Cruce en frontera terrestre entre EE.UU. y Mà ©xico La frontera terrestre entre EE.UU. se extiende por 3.145 kmEs la frontera internacional ms transitada del mundo, con ms de 350 millones de cruces legales anualmente.El puesto fronterizo ms utilizado es San Ysidro, que comunica California con Tijuana. Cada dà ­a es cruzada por ms de 25.000 peatones y 50.000 vehà ­culos.Los cargos ms pesados estn autorizados a cruzar por Nuevo Mà ©xico. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. no es asesorà ­a legal.

Iraqi arrest perpetrators of saydet al najat church Assignment

Iraqi arrest perpetrators of saydet al najat church - Assignment Example The church building is easy to track as it is one of the two in the Muslim neighborhood located in Baghdad, Iraq. in the At the church grounds, everything appeared normal. The church compound was silent; an individual could hear a pin drop. We proceeded to get a seat in the church as the Sunday proceeding had got underway and the preacher was giving the sermon. Approximately ten minutes into the sermon, a commotion got heard from outside the church. A car screeched into the compound, and there was hesitation by the preacher in his speech. The sound of boots hitting the ground outside the got heard from within the church building. Everyone in the building got visibly terrified from the facial expressions. Shouting from outside the church could now get heard too. The shouting together with the sounds of the boots neared the church building entrance (Pope, 2002). The preacher had by now stopped preaching. He asked the ushers to head outside and check on what was taking place. No sooner had the first usher got to the entrance, that gun sounds got heard. Everyone in the church started running helter skelter looking for a hiding place and heading out of the building via other church exits. Everything was happening so fast while time appeared to halt. My husband had meanwhile taken the child and lay under a church bench. I quickly followed suit! The shooting got rampant as cries got louder. Bullets were flying all over the building as evidenced by a shell that fell just besides me under the seat. My husband held our daughter’s mouth to prevent her from wailing. As the gunmen ceased to fire, they quickly ran out of the building shouting to each other in jubilant mood. Ten minutes passed, and not a soul moved about in the church. Police sirens got heard from outside the compound. Within seconds, police got in the building asking those still hiding to come out. There was hesitation at first, but slowly people crept out of their hiding places. The devastation was c lear, dead bodies got left scattered in the church. Bullet shells lay all over the building (Pope, 2002). Blood marks were everywhere. The police led the survivors into waiting police cars as they continued with their investigation. News crews had gathered outside as survivors got received by counselors. My family and I got taken for a check up in a nearby ambulance. This experience could get described as twenty minutes in hell. Fast forward a month later and hundreds of Iraqi Muslims and Christians in Baghdad's Karrada neighborhood take to the streets in celebration. This followed the announcement that the perpetrators of the attacks on the Sayedat al-Najat Church got arrested. Residents of the neighborhood that saw the October 31st attacks launched fireworks and played patriotic songs in cafes, shops and residences. Al-Qaeda leader arrested The Iraqi Ministry of Interior announced the arrest of the terrorist cell that gets believed to be responsible for the attack that targeted th e church in central Baghdad late last month. Scores of people got killed and wounded. Security forces made the arrests during a raid on November 24th at dawn targeting a residential building in the al-Dawoodi neighborhood in central Baghdad. The building got used by the suspects as headquarters, Maj. Gen. Ragheef, director of internal affairs, Ministry of Interior, said in a press conference held Saturday evening in Baghdad (Pope, 2002). Ragheef said the group consisted of 12 suspected terrorists,

Moral & Cultural Relativism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Moral & Cultural Relativism - Essay Example One person may hold the opinion that strawberry flavor is sweeter than a Vanilla flavor. According to that person, no reasoning can be applied to decide whether his opinion concerning the taste is right or wrong. In this case, the opinions concerning ice cream tastes are relative. In the context of mathematics, when one presents a calculation like 3+3=5, we term the situation as wrong. We do not say that the calculations depend on the taste and perception of the person doing it but we say that the person is wrong. In this case, there are clearly defined standards that differentiate right from wrong. This mathematical example amounts to a context of absolutism. When extended to the contexts of morality, these contexts lead to the aspects of moral relativism and moral absolutism (Rauchut 349). Moral Relativism vs. Moral Absolutism Moral relativism advocates that there are no universal or defined moral standards governing social situations within any given social setting. Moral relativi sts advocate that there are no moral codes of conducts which apply universally at all times. With respect to this assertion, no one can say that someone is wrong or right because such a claim would amount to judging people based on some standards, which is contrary to the ideas of moral relativism. ... In the context of morality, absolutism asserts that moral codes of conduct are relevant at all times, regardless of the situation surrounding the same moral codes. However, moral absolutism allows for flexibility when evaluating morally violated contexts. Absolutists usually allow for the reasoning on the code of conduct with respect to the situation under consideration. For example, according to moral absolutism, the act of killing is wrong. However, the situation surrounding the action might justify the action as appropriate, but not as right. Therefore, moral absolutism acknowledges the existence of universal moral principles everywhere in the world (Rauchut 361). Arguments for Moral Absolutism In the context of morality, I will stand for the aspect of moral absolutism, and stand against moral relativism. In moral absolutism, one can judge a situation as right or wrong, irrespective of the situation under consideration. In the context of social interactions within any given human population, there are situations which are guided by some set of moral principles. For example, stealing is wrong. It is natural to see a parent disciplining a child because the child has stolen from a neighbor. According to absolutism, the act of stealing is based on the unnecessary economic predicament caused by that action to the victim. Therefore, moral principles advocate that it is absolutely wrong to steal, irrespective of the situation. If moral relativism were applied in such a situation, it would argue that the parent should not judge the child as right or wrong by the act of stealing; hence the child would not have been punished. Therefore, moral absolutism helps in developing

Criminology and criminal justice in The United Arab Emirates Essay

Criminology and criminal justice in The United Arab Emirates - Essay Example UAE has been established in December 2, 1971 with Abu Dhabi as the capital owing to its industrial and cultural activities. Their official language is Arabic and their official religion is slam. Economic wise, UAE is considered to have a strong high income with a GDP of $ 47,407. UAE based their political system on the 1971 constitution however each ruler of each federation retain an absolute power in their own emirate. Interestingly, the seven emirs vote for a president of the seven federations to be their leader however this does not affect the governance of each emir. UAE also has a semiautonomous body referred to as the National Guards with duties to guard the border, utilities in the oil field and other strategic locations. They also act as reserve in cases the metropolitan police force is in need of reinforcement from them. Abu Dhabi and Dubai police are the leading police forces in the UAE with their quality services. Abu Dhabi police department is honored to have maintained the shining image of the country with the dedication, honesty, and integrity of the policemen. Dubai policemen also pride themselves of preventing crimes before it occurs, bringing justice, maintaining security and order, and honoring and protecting lives with their mission in making Dubai the best in such services around the world. UAE has several police divisions to include traffic, criminal investigation, emergency police, nationality and passport, civil defense, immigration, prison, trials and court-martials with their own functions and responsibilities.

Business Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Management - Assignment Example Strategic partnerships with other business organizations have been a key factor which has helped the company in its global expansion and dominance. In general four blocks of competitive advantage has been identified that provides an organization to outcompete its rivals. These are efficiency, customer responsiveness, quality and innovation. These factors help a firm to achieve either lower cost or higher product differentiation which in turn provides competitive advantage. In case of Federal Express for the company to maintain its profitability above average it is integral that it continues to develop its logistics more robustly (Gendron, 2012). The development of logistics services began from the period of 80’s and all the major competitors began to provide logistics services to assist the business customers in activities like assembly operation, warehousing and distribution. This can help the organization to develop its customer responsiveness and contribute in the long term-profitability. Better logistics management can help the customers to meet their customized requirements into a standardized physical network. Two direct advantages can be derived from this firstly, the reduction of cost and secondly higher cost capacity utilization. The customers can achieve higher level of satisfaction from the better security arising from this. Therefore, it seems plausible that higher investment in the BLS Division of the company which takes care of the logistics division is likely to bring more customers for the company which in turn will help in achieving higher revenues. This strategy is better than the price cutting strategy as such behavior often induces similar responses from the competitors which may fail to provide benefits in the long-run. Also UPS one of the biggest rivals of Federal Express had focused heavily on improving its logistics services in order to retain its competitive advantage throughout 2000’s. This is perhaps one of the

Evaluating the success of the tutoring program Case Study

Evaluating the success of the tutoring program - Case Study Example Unlike other programs that are assessed only on the basis of their outcomes, the success of this program will be assessed right from the way it aims to identify the need to its design and finally to the way its objectives and goals defined. According to Richards and Lassonde (2009) a successful tutoring program can be evaluated right from goal setting to curriculum development. The need The success of tutoring program is one that begins by identifying the need for which the program is being designed. For instance, the targeted person may already have some assessment information like retention rates, test scores, and even anecdotal reports from teachers and family. In such a case, the assessment is likely to entail a clear inventory of up-to-date reading aspects, with a clear indication or identification of their scope and nature, in order to effectively measure the need against existing services, as well as to identify the gaps that the new program is intended to fill. This process h elps at minimizing duplication, mobilize resources, build on experience, and avert the tensions that are likely to arise when the new program is rolled out. Most importantly, this information is aimed at helping the planners to concentrate on the kids whose needs are very high. Research shows that, on average, four out of ten kids are at a high risk particularly in terms of developing their level of literacy (Fashola, 2002). The tutoring program in this case was a success as it captured all the aspects mentioned. For instance, picking a child and administering an informal reading inventory. Analyzing and synthesize the results to know the need of the child. Interviewing the student by asking information about her and her family background such as age and language they speak at home. This initial stage was a big success as it helped the teacher to know the need and also to effectively measure the need against available services. Defines the mission A successful tutoring program must have a well-defined overall mission. According to Morrow and Woo (2001) when developing the mission of the program, planners are supposed to take into consideration significant contributions to supporting the child’s literacy development made by institutions such as child care centers, as well as other out-of-school community programs. Therefore, the mission statement must describe what the tutoring program intends to do in order to effectively address the needs identified. In this case, the tutoring program will be successful if its mission is based around the identified needs. In this case, the assessment will want to establish if the need is well identified: the student is female and bilingual. She does not do much reading at home, she like basketball, like Latin music just to mention but a few. In spite of all these, she wants to learn. When some words list and reading stories, started from 3rd grade word lists to 12th grade to read were administered to test her reading s kills, She did well until 6th grade word lists. The instructor was able to notice that she needed instructions and have comprehension problems. Generally, the need for the tutoring program was about reading. Therefore, the mission would read like: The mission of this Tutoring Program is to encourage the student to develop an attitude for reading, to learn, to help the student become an engaged reader, as well as to ensuring that the student has access to high quality reading materials. If the instructor developed a mission statement like this, he could easily proceed as it sets objectives and goals that the tutoring program is expected to deliver. Therefore, a successful tutoring program is assessed on whether or not it has a well-defined mission statement.

Business Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Management - Assignment Example Strategic partnerships with other business organizations have been a key factor which has helped the company in its global expansion and dominance. In general four blocks of competitive advantage has been identified that provides an organization to outcompete its rivals. These are efficiency, customer responsiveness, quality and innovation. These factors help a firm to achieve either lower cost or higher product differentiation which in turn provides competitive advantage. In case of Federal Express for the company to maintain its profitability above average it is integral that it continues to develop its logistics more robustly (Gendron, 2012). The development of logistics services began from the period of 80’s and all the major competitors began to provide logistics services to assist the business customers in activities like assembly operation, warehousing and distribution. This can help the organization to develop its customer responsiveness and contribute in the long term-profitability. Better logistics management can help the customers to meet their customized requirements into a standardized physical network. Two direct advantages can be derived from this firstly, the reduction of cost and secondly higher cost capacity utilization. The customers can achieve higher level of satisfaction from the better security arising from this. Therefore, it seems plausible that higher investment in the BLS Division of the company which takes care of the logistics division is likely to bring more customers for the company which in turn will help in achieving higher revenues. This strategy is better than the price cutting strategy as such behavior often induces similar responses from the competitors which may fail to provide benefits in the long-run. Also UPS one of the biggest rivals of Federal Express had focused heavily on improving its logistics services in order to retain its competitive advantage throughout 2000’s. This is perhaps one of the

In the heart of the sea the tragedy of the whaleship essex analysis Term Paper

In the heart of the sea the tragedy of the whaleship essex analysis - Term Paper Example The main aspect in the story is the whaling ship Essex as well as its inmates who sets out for whaling and gets destroyed by an attack of a sperm whale. The story background is set during the year 1819 when the whale ship having a crew of twenty people abroad sets out for a two year voyage. The ship faces disasters for nearly one and a half years and gets rammed by the sperm whale and sank in the pacific. All the crew gets on to three whaleboats and were lost at sea for three unbearable months equipped with short rations and very little fresh water. This situation leads to death due to starvation as well as killing by others for food. During the course, one boat gets disappeared and the other two gets separated. When the rescue time arrives at the coast of Chile, only five men had survived this tremendous ordeal. This includes the captain and the first mate as well as three others rescued from a nearby Henderson island. The story brings out an era of life giving its readers a nostalg ic and tragic picture of the whaling industry and its society. The story relies upon the narratives of two survivors. One of the survivors has just been found through his narratives, the hardships of life of a whaling sailors are descripted in a very interesting manner. His narratives include modern medical knowledge of the physical and mental effect of starvation. The book also has descriptions of other two shipwrecks as well as stories of survivors who loved their rest of their lives as well as an introduction to the recent work of the Nantucket whaling museum. â€Å"The heart of the sea† is one of the greatest sea stories ever written. It has an extraordinary ordeal of ordinary men along with a wealth of whale lore as well as a brilliantly described portrait of the ones who are lost among the unique community of Nantucket whalers. It is the story of man against nature. The impact of the shipwreck of Essex had far sighted impact on the community of Nantucket. It inspired ma ny writers including the creation of world classic Mobi Dick by Hermann Melville which was written on the basis of this story. The community consisting of about seven thousand people lived on a gently sloping crowded with houses and topped by wind mills and church towers. The community lived here peacefully. Only the sea below was crowded with activity. The destruction of the ship Essex cast a shadow on the family of crew members. Children lost their joyfulness due to their loss of their fathers. Moreover the destruction and its aftermath teached the community a new type of psychology of survival and the incidence of cannibalism in extreme conditions. The destruction also had an impact on the nation. Since it was times of economic depression every one looked at the whaling community with expectations. The whaling industry was concentrated in and around Nantucket and it was shortly going to become one of the wealthiest towns in America within a short span of time. Destruction of Esse x created a shadow in their prosperity expectations. The capsizing of the ship was blockbuster news in New England and New York during the 1820’s. The survival tactics became well known tribulations about people going without food for very long periods. The author Nathaniel Philbrik has used the narrative of Owen Chase to write this book he also has taken into account the uncovered account of cabin boy

Gabriel Oak Essay Example for Free

Gabriel Oak Essay The minor character in the novel, such as the farm labourers and Bathshebas maids, although appearing to be insignificant and unimportant actually have influential and crucial roles to play in the novel. They provide the story with many aspects which help move the plot forward whilst bringing authenticity, humour and personal views to the tale. Undeniably the most important minor character is Liddy, she provides the reader with large amounts of valuable information concerning the personalities of Bathsheba from the conversations they hold. This is mainly due to the close relationship between the two, Liddy being Bathshebas maid. As a result, the characteristics of the latter are shown, not through narration which would be too crude and observable for Hardys style, but through conversations between the two. By using this method Hardy can exercise his trademark subtlety and let the audience come to their own conclusions concerning Bathsheba, that of which Hardy originally intended. A good example of this technique where by using Liddy as a medium in which the characteristics of Bathsheba are fed to the reader is at the beginning of the novel where we first come into contact with Bathshebas excessive vanity. The following quote was from a conversation between the two women on the subject of Oaks proposal: HHHHHHHHHHHHsad A man wanted to once, she said, in a highly experienced voice How nice it must seem! said Liddy, with the fixed features of mental realization. And you wouldnt have him? He wasnt quite good enough for me. Although Liddys main role is to provide the reader with the characteristics of Bathsheba, she has also serves the purpose of moving the plot along. In fact, one of the most essential developments in the story was sparked by a comment from Liddy, the decision to send Boldwood the Valentine card which later lead to his complete psychological breakdown: What fun it would be to send it to the stupid old Boldwood, and how he would wonder! said the irrepressible Liddy. Besides Liddy there are also many other minor characters that play important and influential roles in providing the story with the ingredients that contribute to making the whole book an attractive read. One of the most major roles that they play is their comments on the main characters and actions which take place. This was Hardys method of relaying information that have not been directly covered in the narration to the readers. The mindless chat of the labourers and maids provide us with essential gossip on the actions of the main characters but also they provide the audience their own views on the subject in hand. By giving the reader views from characters in the book, Hardy knew that this would inspire our own thinking upon the subject and they for us to form our own judgements. From those judgements, the majority of the reader will come to the same conclusion, that of which Hardy originally intended. Due to the predictions that the reader will be subconsciously making whilst all this information is relayed to them it creates an air of suspense as one waits to see if their prediction was correct. An example of this can be seen when Gabriel Oak first arrives in Weatherbury and is told about the story of the stealing balif by the rustics: As to shepherd, there, Im sure misess ought to have made ye her baily-such a fitting man fort as you be. This comment by Joseph Poorgrass makes the reader wonder if Bathsheba will indeed employ Oak as her balif. And automatically the audience moves to the question of whether Oak and Bathsheba will actually develop a relationship should Oak work for her. This is Hardys technique of ensuring interest from the audience, by using the comments of the rustics he is able to create curiosity and suspense in the story. Another example of Hardys style of parallels of what is to happen comes from a conversation Liddy and Boldwood hold after the town hears of the death of Troy: My mistress certainly did once say, though not seriously, that she supposed she might marry again at the end of seven years from last year. Reading this remark once again sparks the interest of the readers drawing them to the question: will Bathsheba marry again at the end of the seven years and if so who? Boldwood or Oak? However, despite the subtle intention of drawing attention from the readers the rustics also have a more basic objective of providing the reader of more understanding of the characters and the events. Especially, we learn more detail regarding the past of the main characters which gives us a more comprehensive understanding of the saga as a whole. In addition, from this knowledge more accurate pre conceptions are made and leads back to the point I suggested previously on the topic of drawing interest. We learn that Boldwood has had madness in his family and therefore gain a more perceptive insight into Boldwoods passion and obsession: Oh Coggan, said Troy, as if inspired by a recollection, do you know if insanity has ever appeared in Mr.Boldwoods family? Jan reflected for a moment.

Nderkohe qe shume lidera kopjojne

Nderkohe qe shume lidera kopjojne Nderkohe qe shume lidera kopjojne mjaft ide perteritese, Zell Miller [guvernator i Georgias 1990-1998] pa se nje numer i madh i tyre beheshin realitet [Ai eshte] po aq i vendosur sa edhe krijues. Mungesa e fondeve disponibel kurre nuk duhet qe te jete justifikuese [Sa per te nisur] dy arritjet e tij me te medha, krijimi i nje programi bursash per kolegje te njohura si HOPE, si dhe themelimi i arsimit para shkollor per 4-vjecaret e Georgias Miller bindi votuesit (elektoratin) e Georgias per te mbeshtetur nje llotari shteterore, duke premtuar qe te gjitha te ardhurat e saj do te shkonin per programe specifike arsimi [Tani] nje institucion i dashur i Georgias programi i bursave ka mundesuar pagesen e plote te studimeve per 300,000 studente te universiteteve publike dhe shkollave teknike, [dhe] programi i parashkolloreve eshte me i perhapuri ne praktikat kombetare. Ne qarqet shteterore qeveritare [Miller] njihet per transformimin e burokracise se shtetit ne nje instrument qe mendo n dhe vepron me shume si nje biznes. Ne 1996, Georgia ishte shteti i pare qe filloi te eleminoje Sistemin e Merites, kete grup te vjeteruar rregullash te sherbimit civil qe sberi asgje vecse pengonte pushimin nga puna te punetoreve te keqinj. Miller gjithashtu i detyroi agjensite qe te hynin drejt nje procesi qe ai e quajti riorientim buxheti Tani, agjensite duhet qe te benin 5% zbritje ne buxhetet e tyre te operimit nepermjet se ciles ata mund te vetefinanconin vete ke te deshironin Si nje Demokrat ne nje shtet qe po behet shpejt Republikan, ai tregoi se pragmatizmi eshte me efektiv se sa te qenurit partizan. [Kur] u be e qarte se shumica e Bordit Shkollor te shtetit demokratik nuk mund te punonte efektivisht me manaxherin e zgjedhur te shkolles, nje Republikan, Miller pezulloi perfundimisht bordin dhe emeroi nje republikan si kryetar me autoritetin per te zgjedhur anetaret e bordit te tij Une u perpoqa qe te shoh larg, duke pyetur se cfare do te thote kjo per niperit e mi thote Miller. Christopher Swope A Man with a Million Ideas, Governing 12(2):34 HYRJE Materjali prezantues ilustron nje karakteristike te shoqeruar shpesh me lidership, aftesine per te perfytyruar nje te ardhme dhe mundesine per te bere realitet kete vizion. Guvernatori Zell Miller i Georgias u zgjodh si nje nga shume zyrtaret publike te vitit ne v.1998 nga revista Governing per shkak te menyres se lidershipit te tij inovativ. Ai gjeti dhe solli ide te reja ne shtetin e Georgias dhe ishte ne gjendje qe te frymezonte qeverine dhe aparatin e tij burokratik per te bere te mundur qe keto ide te beheshin realitet. Kjo teme ne te vertete trajton lidershipin. Ai perkufizon dhe pershkruan koncepte te tilla si autoriteti dhe lidershipi, trajton se cfare ndodh kur nje lider shfaq me shume ose me pak lidership sec duhet, si dhe eksploron fuqine e moralit te lidershipit. Kjo teme trajton gjithashtu edhe variacionet e teorive si dhe stilet e lidershipit. Neqoftese liderat kane funksione specifike dhe ata realisht qe kane a ekzistojne te dhena karakteristike lidershipi qe i bejne disa njerez lidera natyrale? Kerkimet e shumta tregojne se aftesi te tilla nuk jane te lindura dhe natyrale. Nga ana tjeter, tema thekson konceptet e lidershipit negociues dhe transformues. Ne te pershkruhen stile te tilla lidershipi si drejtor, motivues, koordinator, katalizator, zedhenes dhe manaxher krizash. Ekzekutivet efektive jane lidera pergjegjes. Ne vazhdim diskutohet nderveprimi i legjislatures me ekzekutivin si dhe trajtohet menyra se si vlera e pergjegjshmerise shperhapet me funksionin e mbiveshtrimit te realizuar nga trupat legjislative. Duke pare temen e vlerave ne administrim, ne vazhdim diskutohen vlerat politike ne marredhenie ne marredhenie me synimet organizative. Ekzistojne konflikte vlerash te trasheguara mes synimeve dhe vlerave politike dhe organizative. Liderat si manaxhere te organizatave perpiqen qe te kalojne konfliktet e vlerave dhe te arrijne konsensusin. Pergjegjesia organizative efektive arrihet me mire kur materjalizohet nga anetaret e organizates. Leximi 1 Cari i Gridlockut qe mbyll kete kapitull, ofron nje rast ne te cilin nje guvernator shteti, Roy Bornes, frymezoi kedo qe ishte perfshire ne Autoritetin Transportues Rajonal te Georgias per te pranuar vizionin e nje teorie per rregullimin e trafikut, smogut dhe te parregullsive. Lidershipi i tij varej pjeserisht nga autoriteti i tij si guvernator i shtetit te Georgias. PERKUFIZIMI I AUTORITETIT DHE LIDERSHIPIT Autoriteti eshte baza ligjore nepermjet se ciles nje lider ka te drejten e perdorimit te pushtetit dhe te burimeve te ndryshme te nje organizate. Lidershipi eshte thjesht ushtrimi i autoritetit per te drejtuar punen e te tjereve. Lidershipi mund te jete formal ose informal. Kur ushtrohet autoriteti, lidershipi konsiston ne te aktivizuarit e njerezve per te bere dicka qe lideri deshiron ne zbatim te synimeve te nje organizate. Metoda sipas se ciles liderat ose manaxheret i vene anetaret e nje agjensie per te bere dicka kolektivisht per arritjen e synimeve te tyre eshte perdorur per te zhvilluar nje tipologji te lidershipit te bazuar tek stili i tij. Shkencetaret politologe John Harrigan dhe David Lawrence p.sh., karakterizojne lidershipin e shefit ekzekutiv, qofshin ata guvernatore shtetesh, ekzekutive krahinash, kryetare bashkish, ose presidente si nje prej kater stileve dalluese: demagoge, perkujdses, sipermarres politikash, dhe luftetar i frustruar. DEMAGOGET Nje demagog perthith mbeshtetje duke i bere thirrje emocioneve dhe paragjykimeve. Shembull aktual do te ishte Guvernatori Pete Wilson i Californise , i cili perdori nje fushate kundra te huajve pa dokumenta per te fituar rizgjedhjet ne v.1994. Demagogjia e tij mbi ceshtjen u transformua ne goditjen ndaj Partise Republikane ne fuqi ne v.1998. CARETAKERS Nje perkujdeses eshte nje lider politikisht konservativ qe e heq vehten si ruajtes i statu-quose. Perkujdesesit jane shpesh qeverises-lejtnante qe behen qeverises, por qe u mungon vizioni ose aftesia per te qene lidera te forte. Nje qeverises i Californise i njohur si perkujdeses ishte George Deukmejian. SIPERMARRESIT POLITIKE Nje sipermarres politikash eshte nje ekzekutiv progresiv, teper aktivist, i cili jo vetem qe propozon programe te reja por qe gjithashtu i financon ato. Kryetari i Bashkise se New-Yorkut Rudy Giuliani eshte nje shembull, ashtu sic ishte edhe Bill Clinton kur sherbeu si guvernator i Arkansas. Ndersa California e pa kete stil te drejtimit nga Earl Warren. FRUSTRATED WARRIORS Nje individ i tille eshte sipermarres politikash i pasuksesshem, qe eshte i paafte per te arritur vizionin e tij dhe perpjekja e te cilit perfundon ne stermundim. Keshtu e karakterizon David Lawrence kohen perfundimtare te Guvernatorit Wilson. Qeveritaret qe perdorin kete stil vazhdimisht drejtojne ekzekutivin, ndersa dega legjislative kontrollohet nga partia opozitare. P.sh., ne mandatin e fundit Bill Clinton ilustroi tipin e Luftetarit te Frustruar ne rolin e liderit presidencial. TIPET E PERSONALITETIT Presidentet, si lidera, jane karakterizuar gjithashtu nga llojet e tyre te personalitetit. Shkencetari politolog James Barber, per shembull, i klasifikon presidentet ne keto kater tipe: Aktive-Pozitive. Te tille jane ata qe deshirojne qe te arrijne rezultatet mbi cdo gje tjeter. Shembuj te tille te mire jane Franklin Roosvelt, Harry Truman, John Kennedy, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, dhe George Bush. Aktive-Negative. Keta kane nje nevoje drejtuese per te marre dhe per te mbajtur pushtetin. Nje personalitet i tille tipizohet nga Woodrow Wilson, Herbert Hoover, Lyndon Johnson, dhe Richard Nixon. Pasive-Pozitive. Keta kerkojne qe te duhen dhe te nderohen. Shembuj te mire jane: William Taft, Warren Harding, dhe Ronald Regan. Pasive-Negative. Keta theksojne virtytin civil. Shembuj klasike jane George Washington, Calvin Coolidge, dhe Dwight Eisenhower. MIKROMANAXHIMI Liderat e organizatave mund te perpiqen mjaft qe te drejtojne. Manaxhere te tille mbikqyrin nga shume afer dhe ne te vertete ata mikromanaxhojne. Problemi me manaxhimin e tepruar eshte se ai i shkurajon vartesit ne ushtrimin e autoritetit dhe te pergjegjesise se vertete dhe pengon zhvillimin e tyre ne manaxhere efektive. Kur liderat mikromanaxhojne, ata priren qe te jene aq te zene me te sa qe deshtojne ne zhvillimin e strategjive afat-gjata dhe te vizionit ne teresi. Presidenti Jimmy Carter u kritikua si lider per kete tipar. Kur lideri kalon caqet e artikulimit te nje vizioni te gjere dhe perpiqet qe te perkufizoje te gjitha detajet atehere ai po mbi-manaxhon. Perpjekja e Presidentit Clinton per te reformuar kujdesin shendetesor jep nje shembull te nje perpjekjeje te deshtuar qe rezultoi pjeserisht si pasoje e mbi-manaxhimit. Shume pak lidership ose manaxhim, gjithesesi eshte po aq problematik. Nje mungese e mjaftueshme manaxhimi mundet qe te kontribuoje per korrupsion ashtu si ne rastin e falimentimit te Orange Country, Californi, ne fundin e viteve 1990, kur miliarda dollare u konsideruan te humbura si investime ne aksione me risk te larte, ose ne abuzim te pushtetit nga vartesit, nje kritike e adresuar kjo deri tek Shefi i Policise se L.A ne v.1980, si dhe kundra Presidenteve Regan dhe Nixon. Esenca e lidershipit shpesh konsiderohet aftesia per te levizur njerezit ne drejtime te reja, orientimi i tyre ne vende qe ata nuk e dinin se kishin deshire apo nevoje qe te shkonin. Lidere te tille ushtrojne lidershipin moral. Ata perdorin bustin e tyre per te arritur lidershipin moral, si dhe poziten qe kane si nje bully pulpit (predikim tirani), ashtu sic e shprehte kete gje edhe Presidenti Theodore Roosvelt. Lideret e pazakonshem kane aftesine qe te frymezojne stafin dhe me pas te punojne se bashku per te vjele frytet e perbashketa te punes se tyre. Guvernatori Mike Leavitt i Utahut eshte nje shembull i mire. Ai u zgjodh kohet e fundit si Zyrtari Publik i Vitit nga revista Govening duke u bazuar tek menyra e lidershipit te tij si dhe tek frymezimi qe ai i dha shtetit. Ne kontrast te thelle, kur nje lider si p.sh., nje president humb lidershipin moral, aftesia per te frymezuar pasuesit me nje vizion per te ardhmen bie ne agoni. Presidenti Clinton dikur u shpreh teper qarte duke projektuar nje vizion te orientimit te kombit permes nje ure drejt shekullit te XXI-te, por gabimi qe ai beri ne gjykimin (aspektin) moral minoi aftesine e tij per te frymezuar kombin ne ndertimin e kesaj ure ose ne kapercimin e saj nen lidershipin e tij. TRAJTIMET E ORIENTUARA DREJT LIDERSHIPIT Lidershipi ne organizata administrative ushtrohet nga manaxheret e agjensive apo te departamenteve. Ne kete menyre lidershipi ushtrohet brenda nje ndarjeje te vecante ose situate organizative. Konteksti organizativ ndikon stilin e lidershipit ashtu sic ben edhe personaliteti dhe backgroundi i ketij te fundit mbi vete organizaten. Eshte pikerisht ky kontekst organizativ qe ndikon ne legjitimitetin e liderit. Se sa mire karakteristikat dhe aftesite e liderit ndikojne ne arritjen arritjen e qellimeve organizative e tregon kontributi ose shmangia nga llogjika e legjitimitetit me te cilen pershtatet manaxheri. Ne manaxhimin e nje agjensie, funksionet e nje lidershipi jane: Perkufizimi i synimeve dhe i misionit te agjensise. Te shikohet si mesherimi institucional i qellimeve te organizates. Te mbroje integritetin e organizates, dhe Te vendose rregullin gjate konflikteve te brendeshme. Lidershipi i diskutuar ne kontekstin e nje agjensie qeveritare perfshin tre nivele te dallueshme te pergjegjesise dhe te kontrollit: Teknike. Manaxheriale. Institucionale. Ne nivelin teknik, lideri i agjensise trajton problemet qe kane te bejne me rritjen e efektivitetit te performances se funksionit teknik, duke e pare kete tek aksioma : trains run on time. Lidershipi ne nivelin manaxherial perfshin ndermjetesimin midis niveleve me te ulta te agjensise dhe atyre qe i perdorin keto sherbime apo perfitime burimesh te nevojshme per te realizuar funksionet e veta te rendesishme si: blerja, marrja me qera, apo operacione te tjera te pergjithshme. Ne nivel institucional, lidershipi merret me zhvillimin e politikave afat-gjata dhe me sigurimin dhe mbeshtetjen e nivelit me te larte per te arritur synimet e agjensise. Shefat ekzekutive te zgjedhur shpesh mbeshteten ne stafe mjaft te gjera per te udhehequr organizatat e medha. Presidenti i U.S p.sh., mbeshtetet ne stafet e agjensive te ndryshme te EOP dhe te Shtepise se Bardhe per te manaxhuar degen ekzekutive. Presidenca institucionale bashkon ne kete menyre qindra anetare stafesh. P.sh., ne vitet e fundit stafi i Shtepise se Bardhe ka me shume se sa 500 anetare, (605 gjate administrimit te Presidentit George H. Bush, 511 gjate Presidentit Clinton), dhe EOP-ja e ka zgjeruar stafin me 1,600 anetare. Shtetet e medha kane ngjashmerisht stafe te krahasueshme dhe mbeshtetje te deges ekzekutive per zyrat e guvernatoreve te tyre. P.sh., dega ekzekutive e Californise ka me shume se sa 276,000 te punesuar qe mbulohen nga sherbimi i tij civil, ndersa guvernatori emeron me shume se sa 2,500 poste te ndryshme. Anetaret e Komisionit Special jane gjithashtu te emeruar te Guvernatorit. Dega ekzekutive e Californias ka nje strukture dege qe eshte tipike per shumicen e shteteve. Zyra e guvernatorit ne Californi sidoqofte, ilustron tipin e guvernatorit te forte, dhe pozicioni i tij ne hierarkine burokratike i siguron atij nje baze strukturore te konsiderueshme qe mund te ndihmoje nje lider te forte. LIDERSHIPI DHE MANAXHIMI Dy studiues te lidershipit Robert Tannenbaum dhe Warren Schmidt, kane trajtuar dhe zhvilluar nje vazhdimesi te sjelljes se lidershipit, e cila lidh rolin ose stilin e lidershipit me sjelljen e me sjelljen e manaxherit. Figura 2 prezanton vazhdimesine e sjelljes manaxher-jomanaxher. Ata argumentojne se lidershipi eshte me efektiv kur manaxheri ka nje vizion dhe adapton nje stil te pershtatshem te lidershipit ndaj agjensise qe po manaxhohet. Nje rast i mire per kete eshte ai i me Kryetarin e Bashkise Jim Rout ne Shelby County (Tennessee), i cili sherbeu si zyrtar konteje per me shume se sa 20 vjet. Ne v.1998, Rout u ngaterrua ne nje diskutim te nxehte mbi menyren e administrimit (te aneksimit ose bashkimit) te nje zone (krahine). Polemikat e cuan ate qe te kuptonte se sa e rendesishme ishte qe te adaptohej nje pikepamje rajonale. Ai kishte qene nje Komisioner i Kontese per 16 vjet, pas nje karriere te suksesshme ne biznes, kur u zgjodh Kryetar i Bashkise se Kontese Shelby ne v.1994. Ne levizjen per tu rizgjedhur ne v.1998, Rout trajtoi problemet rajonale ne pjesen me qendrore te fushates se tij. Duke fituar me nje diference te thelle, ai ndoqi linjen duke organizuar ne vend Konferencen Kalimi i Kufirit dhe duke fituar ndihmen e guvernatoreve te Tennessee, Arkansas, dhe Mississippit per te krijuar Aleancen e Guvernatoreve per Ekselence Rajonale. Zhvendosja e Rout ne perspektive erdhi pasi Legjislatura e Tennesseeit miratoi nje ligj qe beri me te lehte per qytetet ekzistuese bashkimin ne shtete te reja. Nje fluks ankesash erdhi vecanerisht nga zona e Memphisit, duke u ndjekur nga shtete ekzistuese qe kishin shpresuar te aneksonin territore te reja, por qe deshtuan ne deshirat e tyre per zgjerim. Rout kuptoi qe rajoni duhej qe te shihte pertej kufizimeve tradicionale te shtetit, kufijve te kontese, dhe madje kufijve te mbare shtetit per tu ballafaquar realisht me ceshtjen. Mendimi ne grup eshte nje problem i vecante i lidhur me shefat ekzekutive dhe agjensite e stafit manaxherial si dhe me njesite qe u sherbejne atyre, vecanerisht kur jane perfshire kolektivisht ne manaxhimin e krizave ose te situatave vendim-marrese. Deshira e forte ose nevoja per konsensus rreth menyres se manaxhimit te krizave priret te beje qe manaxheret e stafit tu thone liderave te agjensise vetem ate cka ata mendojne se do tu pelqente ketyre te fundit. Mendimi ne grup shpesh con ne katastrofe te vendim-marrjes per shkak se lideri nuk mund te drejtoje efektivisht nje agjensi kur informacioni mbi nje problem eshte i paplote, ose ne rastin me te keq, i transformuar vecanerisht gjate krizave kur shefi ekzekutiv nuk sheh dallime, nuk degjon kundershtime, ndersa stafi nuk propozon asnje alternative tjeter vec konsensusit. Lideret e agjensive efektive bashkojne te gjithe anetaret e organizates dhe i orientojne ata ne nje drejtim te ri te qendrueshem dhe koherent per te arritur synimet dhe objektivat e organizates. Boxi 4 tregon nje rast te nje lidershipi te tille. Nje tjeter shembull i nje lideri efektiv ne nivel lokal eshte George Sinnott. Aftesia e tij per ta transformuar Sherbimin Civil te Departamentit te Shtetit te N.Y ne ndjekje te planit reformues te tij eshte cmuar si nje model qartesie dhe zgjidhjeje. Suksesi i tij reflekton ne permbajtje nje shqetesim natyral per njerezit si dhe aftesine e tij per te frymezuar stafin e agjensise qe te ndjeke lidershipin e tij. Kutia 5 pershkruan perpjekjet dhe rezultatet e Sinnottit. KERKIMET PER TIPARE DHE KARAKTERISTIKA LIDERSHIPI Per te qene me te vertete efektive, lideret e burokracive te gjera (te medha ne numer), duhet qe te sjellin koherence per shume aktivitete brenda nje agjensie. Per shume studiues, celesi per tek lidershipi gjendet ne karakteristikat ose tiparet qe sjell lideri tek kjo detyre, ndersa studiues te tjere pershkruajne se cfare permban teoria e tipareve. Sipas tyre eshte besimi ose supozimi se lidershipi bazohet ne karakteristika unike, cilesi ose karakteristika qe i kane lideret dhe qe i aftesojne ata qe te marrin persiper pergjegjesite. Besimi ne teorine e tipareve (karakteristikave) supozon se ekziston cilesia e lidershipit te lindur, nje supozim qe solli lindjen e kerkimeve per aftesi lidershipi si dhe per dicka tjeter te nje tradite brenda administrates publike. Autoret e kesaj teorie perpiqen qe te dallojne dhe te pershkruajne tiparet dhe karakteristikat esenciale te te gjithe lidereve te mire. Per disa kohe dhe me se shumti perpara Luftes se Dyte Boterore, studiuesit e administrimit publik qe interesoheshin per aspektet e lidershipit te atyre qe manaxhonin burokracite e gjera, supozuan se lideret kishin dhunti ose cilesi qe i veconin ata nga te tjeret qe i pasonin. Ata besonin se lideret lindnin te tille. Lideret kishin karizem, dhe lidershipi i tyre bazohej me shume tek personaliteti i tyre se sa tek pozitat formale te lidershipit apo ne ndonje autoritet racional apo ligjor. Sugjerohen shume tipare apo cilesi, duke perfshire edhe keto te dymbedhjeta: Ndonje marreveshje se cilat tipare ishin ekzaktesisht esenciale per nje lidership te mire nuk pati. Te gjitha keto karakteristika jane te dobishme per nje lider, por asnje grup karakteristikash nuk mund te demonstrohej teorikisht si esenciale. Qe nga v.1960, rendesia mbi karakteristikat eshte pare gjithmone e me shume si e vjeteruar. Faktore te tjere jane pare qe te jene te pakten po aq sa ose edhe me te rendesishem se sa cdo cilesi personale e liderit. Disa nga cilesite e sugjeruara me lart si esenciale mund te shihen si kunderproduktive ne disa kontekste. Marrim p.sh., aftesite teknike. Qeveria ka vleresuar prej kohesh kompetencen teknike midis atyre qe jane zgjedhur per pozicionin e lidershipit ne agjensite administrative. Arsimtaret, punonjesit e shendetit publik, aeronautika dhe inxhinjeret e hapesires, kontabilistet publike, e keshtu me rradhe, ishin konsideruar nevojtare te nje grade te ekspertizes teknike per te udhehequr nje agjensi. Mbikqyresit e agjensive te tilla kishin nevojen e nje grade te ekspertizes teknike per te fituar respektin e vartesve ne menyre te tille qe asnje jo-teknik nuk mund ta arrinte. Studiues te tjere i konsideruan cilesi te tilla ne disa raste edhe jofunksionale. Organizatat e medha shpesh udhehiqeshin ne menyre joefektive nga mbikqyres te cilet shfaqnin sindromen e specialistit. Si bestseller i v. 1970 punimi Parimi i Piterit, verejti se mesuesi me i mire nuk perben domosdoshmeisht nje parim te mire. Kontabilisti me i mire, me i sakte dhe me i fiksuar pas detajeve, mund te jete nje manaxher i keq per koleget e tij te tjere. Ose p.sh., nje kerkues i shkelqyer ne mjeksi mund te jete nje manaxher i keq per agjensine e kerkimeve mjeksore. Sindroma e specialistit mund te udheheqe mbikqyresin qe te mbivleresoje disa aktivitete dhe te degjoje disa njerez me shume se sa te tjeret. Nje mbikqyresi te tille mund ti mungoje objektiviteti per ta pare perspektiven si teresore dhe ne unitet, gje e cila i nevojitet se tepermi nje administratori te pergjithshem. Ky arsyetim pranon thenien se eksperti duhet qe te jete on tap dhe jo on top. Vendosmeria eshte sugjeruar shpesh si cilesi qe dallon shpesh lideret efektive. Ende mjaft lidere te shquar ne qeveri dhe ne sipermarrje private shprwehen se neqoftese ka ndonje dyshim per ate se cfare duhet bere, atehere mencuria e manaxherit nuk sjell gje ne drite. Dhe megjithese karizma mund te jete pozitive ne shume drejtime, ajo mund te bllokoje dukshem disa sfida dhe keshilla te rendesishme te vartesve dhe te rrise rrezikun e vendim-marrjes nga mendimi ne grup. Me se shumti ne ditet e sotme, lidershipi eshte konsideruar si parashtrues, si nderveprim midis individeve. Douglas McGregori thekson se lidershipi eshte nje marredhenie qe perfshin kater variabla kryesore: Karakteristikat e liderit. Qendrimet, nevojat dhe karakteristika te tjera personale te pasuesve. Karakteristikat e organizates te tilla si qellimi i saj, struktura dhe natyra e detyrave te realizuara, dhe Mjedisi social, ekonomik dhe politik brenda se ciles operon organizata. Ky eshte nje kerkim dhe nje gjetje e rendesishme. Kjo do te thote se lidershipi nuk eshte nje prone e individi, por nje marredhenie komplekse qe gjendet midis ketyre variablave. LIDERSHIPI NDERVEPRUES (TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP) Nje tjeter pikpamje e lidershipit thekson jo cilesite apo karakteristikat personale te liderit, por ceshtjen kryesore, si u vendos nje lidership i tille? Trajtimi drejt nje lidershipi transactional lidhet dhe ka te beje me menyren se si lideri fiton besueshmeri (kredibilitet). Kjo lidhet me njohjen nga organizata te faktit se lideri eshte kompetent ne perdorimin e pushtetit te tij dhe te komandimit te burimeve te saj. Sipas kesaj teorie liderat klasifikohen ne tre tipe: autoritar, demokratik, dhe laissez-faire. Lideret autoritare jane te orientuar nga detyra dhe perpiqen qe te vendosin te gjitha politikat, te vendosin te gjitha detyrat, dhe te kritikojne personalisht vartesit. Grupet e udhehequra ne menyre autoritare ishin me agresive ne sjellje dhe me pak te kenaqur, por me prodiktivitet te larte. McGregor pa se agjensite e drejtuara nga lidere demokrate ishin me te kenaqur dhe produktive. Grrupet e udhehequra nga lidere te tipit laissez-faire shfaqnin kenaqesi dhe produktivitet te ulet. Ky trajtim supozon se lideret mund te trajnohen per te vepruar ne menyra te vecanta qe jane me te pershtatshme per agjensine, nje besim ky qe shpesh eshte provuar te jete asgje me shume se sa nje mendim plot urime. Lideret qe ndjekin seminare trajnuese per lidershipin shfaqin shpesh ndryshime te vogla ne sjellje. Ne fakt, nje agjensi e tere duhet qe ti adaptohet ndryshimeve, dhe jo vetem disa punonjes te caktuar. Ne boten reale lideret aplikojne stile te ndryshme, ne varesi te kushteve dalluese dhe te konteksteve situacionale. Organizatat, ashtu si dhe individet, mund te shikohen edhe ne aspektin e ciklit jetesor, apo si pershkruese te fazave dhe periudhave te ndryshme. Se cfare stili lidershipi eshte i pershtatshem per organizaten mund te influencohet jo vetem nga natyra e pergjithshme e organizates (qe do te thote me shume apo me pak hierarkike, me shume ose me pak punonjes profesioniste, me shume ose me pak teknike apo e pergjithshme ne sherbimet dhe ne detyrat e saj), por gjithashtu edhe nga kalimi ne cdo faze apo periudhe brenda ciklit jetesor te organizates. Figura 3 paraqet grafikisht ciklin organizativ jetesor. Se sa i hapur apo i mbyllur eshte nje lider ndaj influences se keshilltareve reflekton jo vetem personalitetin dhe tiparet e liderit por gjithashtu edhe kufizimet institucionale dhe aspektet e struktures organizative. Presidenca e U.S pershembull, eshte ne kohen e sotme teresisht e institucionalizuar. Pushteti dhe influenca brenda presidences reflektojne natyren e saj te institucionalizuar. Kush ka hapesire dhe influence eshte pjeserisht i vendosur nga ku pozicionohet individi brenda struktures institucionale. LIDERSHIPI TRANSFORMUES Nje tjeter perspektive apo trajtim drejt lidershipit eshte quajtur lidership transformues. Termi i referohet lidereve qe perpiqen te ndryshojne kulturen e agjensise si dhe synimet e saj. Ky trajtim thekson se nje organizate reflekton zotesine e liderit per te zhvilluar nje vizion te bazuar ne vlera per organizaten, dhe ta konvertoje ate vizion ne realitet duke e ruajtur ate ne kohe. Aty ku lidershipi transaksional thekson ndryshimin incremental (rrites), lidershipi transformues thekson ndryshimin radikal organizativ. Per te implementuar te tilla ndryshime lideri duhet qe te zhvilloje dhe te shese nje vizion te ri strategjik tek njesite e agjensise si dhe tek lojtaret kyc. Lidershipi transformues thekson edhe aspektin e Njeriut te Madh te lidershipit duke u fokusuar edhe nje here mbi influencen individuale te liderit mbi organizaten. Figura 4 ilustron lidershipin transformues, i cili fokusohet mbi sjelljen e te dyve, pra te liderit dhe te pasuesve ne organizate, ne menyre qe lideri ta transformoje ate ne menyre te suksesshme. Levizja e rikonturimit qeveritar e diskutuar me perpara perfshin shume nga trajtimet e lidershipit transformues. Keto trajtime per lidershipin pranojne qe lideret manaxhojne organizata me nje shumellojshmeri stilesh, vecanerisht kur ata kerkojne qe te transformojne organizatat e tyre. Ne vazhdim do te analizohen stilet alternative te lidershipit: lideri si drejtor, motivues, koordinator, pershpejtues (katalizator), zedhenes, dhe manaxher krizash. STILET E LIDERSHIPIT Fokusi mbi menyren se si lideri i cfaqet agjensise qe ai udheheq, natyrshem sjell pyetjen se cfare stili lidershipi eshte i pershtatshem per cdo organizate te vecante? Cfare funksionon mire tek nje organizate ushtarake, tek nje repart policie, apo zjarrfikesi p.sh., mund te jete shume me pak e pershtatshme per nje njesi arsimore apo shendetsore. DREJTORI Nje nga stilet e lidershipit eshte ai i drejtorit. Ky stil thekson funksionin e lidershipit duke sjelle koherencen per shume aktivitete qe kryhen ne menyre tipike dhe qe rezultojne te behen ne departamente te medha dhe komplekse. Lideri sipas stilit te drejtorit kerkon qe te perputhe synimet personale te anetareve te organizates, apo synimet e nen-njesive me synimet teresore organizative. Ne kete rast lideri perdor si bindjen direkte edhe ate indirekte per te reduktuar dhe zvogeluar konfliktet, dhe shpenzon mjaft kohe, energji dhe burime per te siguruar mbeshtetjen e duhur ne funksion te realizimit te synimeve teresore te agjensise. Lideret kane nevoje qe te kene nje vizion te qarte te perkushtimit ndaj atyre synimeve, te cilat konsiderohen si percaktuese te cdo objektivi personal. Lideri si drejtor kerkon arritjen e nje konsensusi te gjere midis anetareve te organizates dhe ceshtjeve ekzekutive, per te artikuluar qarte konsensusin mbi qellimet dhe objektivat e pergjitheshme. MOTIVUESI Nje stil tjeter eshte lideri si motivues. Lideret si motivues merren me cilesine e mbikqyrjes face-to-face, me perfitimet dhe nxitesit konkrete, si dhe me perdorimin e interesave reale te detyrave per te motivuar punonjesit. Douglas McGregor pershkruan supozimet e trajtimeve te Teorise Y ne sherbim te manaxhimit, e cila dukshem perfshin stilin e motivimit te lidershipit. Shpenzimi i perpjekjes fizike dhe mendore ne pune eshte po aq i natyrshem sa edhe loja apo pushimi. Njeriu normal nuk e mospelqen punen ne menyre te trashegueshme. Ne varesi te kushteve te kontrollueshme, puna mund te jete burim kenaqesie ose nje burim ndeshkimi. Kontrolli i jashtem dhe rreziku i ndeshkimit nuk jane te vetmet mjete qe te orientojne drejt objektivave organizative. Njerezit do te ushtrojne vete-drejtim dhe vete-kontroll ne sherbim te objektivave per te cilat ata jane te angazhuar. Dedikimi ndaj objektivave eshte nje funksion i vleresimeve qe lidhen me arritjet e tyre. Vleresimet me domethenese p.sh., kenaqja e egos nevojat vete-aktualizuese, mund te jene produkte direkte te perpjekjeve njerezore te orientuara tek arritja e synimeve organizative. Njeriu mesatar meson, ne kushte te pershtatshme, jo vetem per te pranuar por gjithashtu per te kerkuar pergjegjshmeri. Shmangia e pergjegjesise, mungesa e ambicjes, lakmia e sigurise, jane pergjithesisht konseguenca te eksperiences dhe nuk jane karakteristika njerezore te trashegueshme. Kapaciteti per te ushtruar nje nivel relativisht te larte imagjinate, gjenialiteti dhe krijimtarie ne funksion te zgjidhjes se problemeve organizative eshte gjeresisht, dhe jo ngushtesisht e shperndare ne popullate. Nen kushtet e jetes moderne industriale, potenciali intelektual i individit mesatar eshte vetem pjeserisht i perdorur. Keto ide supozojne qe kufijte e bashkepunimit njerezor ne organizata nuk rezultojne nga natyra njerezore por nga gjenialiteti i manaxherit, (ose ne te kundert nga mungesa e tij), per te vene ne funksionim potencialet e burimeve njerezore te agjensise. Nese punonjesit jane dembele, indiferente, pa deshire per te marre persiper pergjegjesi, intransigjente, jokreative dhe mos-bashkepunues, atehere Teoria Y e gjen shkakun tek metodat manaxheriale te organizimit dhe te kontrollit. Kutia 6 diskuton mbi nje lider motivues ne nivel lokal: William A.Jonson Jr., Kryetari i Bashkise se Rochesterit, N.Y. Ai udhehoqi nje ringjallje te qytetit nepermjet nje ekspozimi te nje vizioni te qarte te asaj se cfare qyteti do te mund te ishte duke angazhuar gjeresisht interesa te ndryshme te qytetit per te pranuar ate vizion dhe per te punuar se bashku arritjen e tij. Rezultoi nje nivel i dallueshem i ri-angazhimit civil, qe perfshiu rigjallerimin e downtown-it, ri-gjallerimin e brigjeve lumore, qendrave te komunitetit, dhe me zgjerimin e programeve te te rinjve. Levizja rigjalleruese u perhap pertej qytetit tek rrethinat e shkollave lokale dhe tek nje perpjekje ekonomike rajonale te administrates se kontese. Kryetari i Bashkise Jonson paraqet modelin e lidershipit transformues te pershkruar ne Figuren 4. KOORDINATORI Nje tjeter stil eshte lideri si koordinator. Ky stil pranon qe roli i lidershipit ne nje organizate komplekse eshte qe te koordinoje dhe te integroje funksionet dhe detyrat e ndryshme te anetareve te stafit te nen-njesive teper te specializuara, duke e bere organizaten qe te pershta